AI-enabled decision-support systems (AI-DSS) can assist military targeting by processing information, identifying targets and generating recommendations while leaving the final decision to humans. This paper argues that the formal presence of a human decision-maker does not necessarily guarantee meaningful human control. Automation bias, increased decision-making speed and reliance on AI-generated recommendations can constrain independent human judgment and complicate compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). Meaningful human control should therefore be assessed not merely by whether a human remains “in the loop”, but by whether that human retains sufficient time, information and practical authority to exercise independent judgment.
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